Use Of Securitisation Theory And Documentary Analysis

This study will use securitisation theory and documentary analysis to find that increased security from terrorism in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorism took precedence over the civil liberties of privacy and freedom. This paper focuses on how the George W. Bush Administration, hereby referred to as the Bush Administration, successfully justified the infringement of civil liberties post-9/11 although it will also include the revelations of Snowden in 2013 and how this impacted on public opinion. Bush used religious discourse following 9/11 to manipulate public opinion and create a â€Å"powerful spirit of unity† (Garfinkle, 2005). Security will be defined as political security, as described by the†¦show more content†¦However, it is often considered in tension with civil liberties such as privacy and freedom (Etzioni, 2005). This debate has been invigorated by 9/11 alongside the law changes and the surveillance program that fo llowed. The wider debate questions whether national security or civil liberties should champion the American way of life, assuming that the two are â€Å"inexorably intertwined† in a trade-off (Obama, 2010). Civil liberties refer to protections against government actions with their derivatives often rooted in the Bill of Rights. Whilst the right to privacy is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, it can be determined from several amendments, such as the search with â€Å"probable cause† outlined in the Fourth Amendment (U.S. Const. am. 4, 1791). Lynch (2012) would define civil liberties as ‘sacred’ and therefore should never be infringed upon. However, the ‘probable cause’ section was abused using powers granted by PATRIOT Act. It is common consensus among the literature that the PATRIOT Act was overreaching and overused to wrongly justify blanket surveillance. However, the PATRIOT Act also violated the First, Fourth and Fifth Amendments of the Bill of Rights. The First Amendment grants freedom of press (U.S. Const. am. 1, 1791). The Fifth Amendment grants protection to

Huxleys Critique of Capitalism in Brave New World

In his novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley confronts the way in which mass production and capitalism serve to disempower the individual by cementing a self-reinforcing system of consumption and production wherein the individual is reduced to his or her utilitarian function. Although the novel touches on a number of ways in which the individual is disempowered and commodified in contemporary society, from pacifying drugs to an overreliance on technology, Huxleys critique of capitalism remains the most prominent, if only because the novel includes explicit references to the father of modern capitalist production, Henry Ford. Huxleys critique of capitalism becomes most apparent in the third chapter of the novel, when the tour group is taken over by Mustapha Mond, his fordship and the Resident Controller for Western Europe. Examining Monds discussion of the time before the institution of the World State, Huxleys creative demonstration of capitalist reduction, and the function of the ind ividual within capitalist society reveals the ways in which the novel seeks to highlight the dangers of unrestrained capitalist and the consumer culture is perpetuates. Before examining Huxleys critique of capitalism in detail, it will be useful to briefly discuss the concept of planned obsolescence. In short, planned obsolescence means intentionally designing a product so that it will become obsolete within a determined period of time, such that the consumer will be forced to purchaseShow MoreRelatedHeart of a Dog - Mikhail Bulgakov3407 Words   |  14 Pages2 to the farcical revolution of 1917 and its misguided attempt to create a new Soviet man. The novella chronicles the life of a stray Moscow dog, Sharik, who, upon being rescued by a seemingly benevolent surgeon, Philip Philipovich Preobrazhensky, finds himself subjected to a gruesome operation in which both his pituitary gland and testes are replaced with those of a proletarian by the name of Klim Chugunkin. The new creature, insisting that he be addressed as Polygraph Polygraphovich SharikovRead MoreEssay on Analysis of George Orwells 19844218 Words   |  17 Pagesfiction which is timeless in interpretation. This is the reason that 1984 remains a relevant work of social and philosophical commentary more than fifty years after its completion. The fictional world of 1984 is best described as bleak. In the aftermath of the fall of capitalism and nuclear war, the world has been divided among three practically identical totalitarian nation-states. The novel takes place in London, which has become a part of Oceania, the nation state comprising the Americas and western

Should Women Participate in Politics Free Essays

Do you agree or disagree that women should participate in politics? Opinion Essay Whether the women should participate in politics or not is debatable. We see that at the turn of the 21st century, almost every country in the world provides the right for women to participate in politics. Women make up half of the population of every country in the world, they can vote and support candidates. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Women Participate in Politics or any similar topic only for you Order Now But despite of these facts, they are not well represented in politics, in contrast to men. As Amon Karagara (2008) mentioned â€Å"The worldwide average percentage of women in national parliaments is only 16%†. It is often said that women face more difficulties than men in politics. As well as politics shows the fact of predominance of men, it also includes some problems to women with health, the difficulty of creating a strong family and even life-threatening. The first reason why women should not participate in politics is taking care of their health, because stress that they experience from taking part in politics supports a variety of diseases. It is true that women are tempted to crying. The Health Magazine agrees with this point, saying, â€Å"In women, the part of the brain that deals with stress is linked to the area that controls hormones, which is not the case in men. That means that women tend to exhibit more physical symptoms from stress than men†. Also women stand political pressures harder. Stress affects every bodily system or body part. So, participation in politics is actually bad for a women health. Another reason related to difficulties of creation a family. We know that the most significant professions for women are wifehood and motherhood. If woman becomes a politician, she will have some difficulties with creating a good family. Every year politicians leave their children because of business trips. Some of them move their families with them to different places, but it is very hard for children to change atmosphere too often, and also it interferes with their learning. We all know that motherhood is a wonder with a lot of joys and challenges. And the role of women is confined to dedicate most of their energy to parenting and taking care of the home. Another reason related to difficulties of creation a family. Every year politicians leave their children because of business trips. Some of them move their families with them to different places, but it is very hard for children to change atmosphere too often, and also it interferes with their learning. From my point of view, the most significant professions for women are wifehood and motherhood. If woman becomes a politician, she will have some difficulties with creating a good family. We all know that motherhood is a wonder with a lot of joys and challenges. And the role of women is confined to dedicate most of their energy to parenting and taking care of the home. The last reason for women not to be a politician is danger for their lives. There are a lot of sudden attacks for political reasons. In the modern world, the killing of important people involves with struggle for power. Most modern murders have been committed either during a public performance because of weaker security. So, to consider all these things, a lot of women have come a long way into a male dominated world but it isn’t right because firstly the woman must be woman. Modern women are beginning to become politicians, directors in business companies. But what comes to mind when we think about the word â€Å"politics†? The popular political figures who are mostly male. Nowadays, some women compete for men in positions that were traditionally for men. Nevertheless, the best women’s purpose is motherhood. The best thing a girl can be is a good wife and mother. How to cite Should Women Participate in Politics, Papers

All the Presidents Men Essay Example For Students

All the Presidents Men Essay The movie All the Presidents Men 1976, is based on the work of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein two Washington Post newspaper writers, who uncovered the cover-up of the White Houses involvement in the Democratic Party National headquarters, Watergate, break-in. At first, Bob Woodward discovers what seems to be a minor break-in but is surprised to find that top lawyers were already on the defense case. He also discovers that names and addresses of Republican fund organizers were being accused, which further aroused his suspicions. When he brings this to the attention of the head of the Washington Post, he is prepared to run with the story and assigns Woodward and Carl Bernstein to it. Their findings of this break-in paved a path that lead to the White House, where it was soon learned that President Richard M. Nixon of the USA, was involved and resigned after Woodward and Bernsteins findings. Conversely, my two significant instances are, Woodward and Bernsteins actions on their process of contacting the sources that were involved because they worked for the re-election committee. The other instance I chose is that of both Woodward and Bernstein intruding into the house of Mr. Sloan very late at night, a man well interacted with the political figures they were researching on. Woodward and Bernstein didnt abide by many of the values and ethics theories weve learned from our book and in class. It also seemed as if the unethical actions they took werent as enforced then as they are now. Woodward and Bernstein took the action of contacting various sources for their source of information on the Watergate case. The lists of people contacted by the two were those that worked for the re-election committee. They asked a Washington Post female co-worker to get them the offices worker directory since she used to date one of the men that worked at the committee. They then took these workers phone numbers from the directory listing and called them up. This is unethical according to the theories listed in our book, first of they are using anothers past relation in order to get papers for them, and second they are intruding in these workers lives. The problem would not be that big if they just gave a call, but when they noticed no one answered their phones they actually went out and bombarded these people at their homes with questions, when the information they took were without permission in the first place. Their actions did not follow both Boks Model and Aristotles Golden Mean theories. One of Boks values on ethical issues is to have empathy for others, which Bernstein and Woodward didnt have. They both knew that the workers were being watched after a few tries of door knocking and that by them showing up and talking can cause these people to lose their jobs. They both still pursued on and didnt care what would happen with those people. Aristotles Golden Mean of making the majority happy was also not applied. As they made these people more scared of what if they loose their jobs, and of intruding in their houses unexpectedly. Also they were not making the politics involved or anyone working or that voted for them happy, as it seemed as if they were degrading these public figures. On the other hand, another instance that was not of ethical justice was that of both Woodward and Bernstein appearing at the house of Mr. Sloan. A person that is very active with the politicians involved in this mystery and also a high ranked worker for the re-election committee. Both of the journalists showed up at his house very late at night through his backyard, and all that Mr. Sloan can see were shadows. It seemed, as thieves were getting ready to raid his home. But to his surprise it was Woodward and Bernstein. .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62 , .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62 .postImageUrl , .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62 , .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62:hover , .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62:visited , .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62:active { border:0!important; } .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62:active , .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62 .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucc012d216fc5edc55613fe589c06bc62:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Terminator 2 "Judgement Day" Analysis EssayIn pertaining to Boks model again, they werent really abiding by her theory on empathy. Bok explains to ask yourself if the actions you are taking are right beforehand and if it is obligatory for you to do such things. It was obvious that Woodward and Bernstein did not asked themselves these questions before going out there. In todays society everything is stricter and you have to abide by and know your media ethical rules and theories. It is important in todays media workplace to know and apply all the theories listed, including that of Boks and Aristotles. In the 70s it seemed as if this was not a huge issue, but after seeing the Woodward and Bernstein case, a lot of the theories were rechecked and updated to make people feel more secure. Although Woodward and Bernstein did get out there and showed the public what goes on behind the political scenes and made us aware of being more careful when voting for our next president. These findings could have not been done in a different matter than the ones taken by Woodward and Bernstein, since everything was being kept so secretive.

Editing of a Gangster Film Essay Example

Editing of a Gangster Film Paper Stephanie Guzman #0714293 Film 1 | Professor Daughdrill 16 November 2011 Capture. Feel. Enhance. The Secret? Editing. Bonnie Clyde portrays the love filled action story of an amazing duo. This movie was one of the first to depict actual violent scenes, as well as intensely frisky ones. During the 1960’s, the French New Wave directors began influencing a vast majority of films, Bonnie Clyde being one of them in 1967. With so many tones and action filled scenes, the technique and style of the editing in the film is an important factor which helps set up the entire tone of the movie. The film Bonnie Clyde, by Arthur Penn, utilizes pace, rhythm, and certain French New Wave editing techniques to portray and enhance tranquil, frisky, intense and even violent tones in scenes throughout the movie. The rhythm of slow paced shots in the film are used several of times to illustrate scenes which do not include much action, more over include tranquil moments. This would include scenes when Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were simply driving or waiting in their car, for example, when they were waiting in the car for C. W. Moss to get back from buying the â€Å"light bulbs† for his dad. We will write a custom essay sample on Editing of a Gangster Film specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Editing of a Gangster Film specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Editing of a Gangster Film specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer That scene started with a long lengths medium long shot. In addition, the movie opens with Bonnie Parker standing and wandering around in her room. As she roams around, there is a series of close-up shots, which run slower-paced than most shots. Then, the moment Bonnie spots Clyde Barrow, an extreme-close-up of her eyes occurs. The calmness and boredom of Bonnie Parker is portrayed through the steady but slowly paced close-up shots. The following immediate shot to her eyes show and mark one of the most important moments of the film, when Bonnie and Clyde first lay eyes on each other. The use of shots in this sequence enhanced the projection of the tone as well as the tranquil, calm moods of the story. In order to create a frisky, affection filled scene, Arthur Penn uses a mixture of medium long shots and medium close-ups to capture the intense atmosphere of the romance filled scenes. The part of the film where Bonnie and Clyde attempt to make love for the first time, really gave viewers an inside look at what each individual thought at the moment, bringing the viewer to a deeper understanding of the atmosphere that was taking place. During that scene, the couple is disputing about what is safest for Bonnie, when she decides that she does not care what is right, she just wants to be with him. Clyde suddenly attempts to give making love a try and begins to caress Bonnie. Eventually he realizes he could not proceed and turns away from her. Throughout the scene, a series of fairly medium and faster paced shots begin to sequence, showing medium close-ups of each characters face, with medium long shots in between. By doing so, viewers are able to see and feel each character’s emotions, bringing the viewer into the tone of the film through its style and choice of edited shots and sequences. Since the Movie was produced in 1967, the French New Wave was of some influence on the editing of Bonnie Clyde. The style of jump cuts is seen sporadically through out the movie. The first time is from the start, when Bonnie is at her house, bored and roaming around her room naked. As Bonnie lies down on her bed, a jump cut occurs and she is suddenly banging on the metal frame of her bed. Penn uses the jump cut technique to take away time that is pointlessly and slowly passing by, as well as to show the boredom of Bonnie Parker. Another place was on the scene where Clyde was wrestling the butcher man from the market, and they ended up falling on top of some boxes and groceries. As Clyde and the Butcher Man attempt to stand back up, the scene automatically jumps from being on the floor, to Clyde standing up and running out of the store, on his way. Jump cuts are noticeably used throughout the movie and are there to strengthen certain tones, which scenes are trying to portray and aware the audience of what is going on. Lastly, Penn’s movie truly displays the new intense tones of the century’s violence through its various rapid, short length cuts. The best example is at the very end of the film when Bonnie and Clyde are trapped and meet their final end. On their way from leaving the town center, they run into C. W. ’s papa Ivan Moss out on the road. During the entire ride from the market place, Clyde is driving while Bonnie is eating an apple and sharing it with him. When the duo sees Ivan Moss stranded by the roadside, they park their vehicle and Clyde walks over to help Moss. Seconds after, right before another car is about to cross paths with them, Ivan turns suspicious and as he looks around, black crows fly out of the bushes, Ivan runs under his truck to duck, and Bonnie and Clyde realize that there is someone in the bushes and that their ends had finally come as they attempt to run to each other and be together once more before they breathe their last breaths. That scene begins with long length shots of medium close-ups which show them just driving down happily, not much going on. Moving forward to the end of the scene, their bodies are completely being shot at all over, and the entire scene is all being played by a series of several medium long, medium close up, and a couple of long shots. Combining those series of shots and by making them fast-paced short length shots, Penn was able to create an intense edit to enhance the violence, making one feel as if they were there first hand to witness it themselves and giving the viewer a full and thorough understanding and perspective. Again, clearly setting the intense and dramatic tone of the story for that particular scene. By using several of the editing techniques such as the pace and patterns of shots, including the types of shots, and the French New Wave editing techniques, Penn is able to create several tones throughout the film, which relate to the situations or to the attitude/moods of the given circumstances. For action scenes, fast-paced close-ups are ideal to reveal a detailed picture to the viewer so that they can feel that adrenaline rush and the action or violent tones of the scene. As well as for scenes, which have more dull characteristics, longer lengthened shots are put together to enhance the simplicity of the scene. Even the jump cut technique is put into action in scenes to skip time and enhance whichever tone the scene may portray. These editing techniques and use of shots have created the moods which Penn envisioned the viewer to feel, capturing the viewers attention and enhancing the excitement, rush, or other feelings simply through the technique and style of editing.

Written English - Definition and Examples

Written English s Written English is the way in which the English language is transmitted through a conventional system of graphic signs (or letters). Compare to spoken English. The earliest forms of written English were primarily the translations of Latin works into English in the ninth century. Not until the late fourteenth century (that is, the late Middle English period) did a standard form of written English begin to emerge. According to Marilyn Corrie in The Oxford History of English (2006), written English has been characterized by relative stability during the Modern English period. See also: WritingAlphabetColloquializationFormal Style and Informal StyleKey Events in the History of the English LanguageLiteracyPresent-Day English (PDE)SpellingStandard EnglishWhat Is Standard English?What Is Writing? Early Written English [T]he vast majority of books and manuscripts produced in England before the invention of printing were written in Latin or (in later times) French. Administrative documents were not written in English in any number until the fourteenth century. The story of early written English is one of a local vernacular language struggling to achieve a distinct visual identity and written usage.(David Graddol et al., English: History, Diversity, and Change. Routledge, 1996)[A] new standard form of written English, this time based on the usage of London, began to emerge from the fifteenth century onwards. This was generally adopted by the early printers, who in turn provided a norm for private usage from the sixteenth century onwards.(Jeremy J. Smith, Essentials of Early English. Routledge, 1999) Recording Functions of Written English The history of writing in the English-speaking world reveals a balancing act between competing recording functions of the written word. While written English has always had a role in creating durable records that were never intended to be read aloud, the oral side of writing has been far more important than we tend to realize. Through most of the languages history, an essential function of writing has been to aid in subsequent representation of spoken words. Overwhelmingly, those spoken words have been formal in characterdrama, poetry, sermons, public speeches. ( . . . [B]eginning in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, writing developed a new set of quintessentially written functions with the emergence of newspapers and novels.)In the latter part of the twentieth century, a new twist was added, as writing increasingly came to represent informal speech. This time, there was no intention of later rendering such texts aloud. Gradually, we learned to write as we spoke (rather than preparing to speak as we wrote). As a result weve generally blurred older assumptions that speech and writing are two distinct forms of communication. Nowhere has this muddying of boundaries been more apparent than in the case of email.(Naomi S. Baron, Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where Its Heading. Routledge, 2000) Writing and Speech When writing developed, it was derived from and represented speech, albeit imperfectly . . ..To affirm the primacy of speech over writing is not, however, to disparage the latter. If speaking makes us human, writing makes us civilized. Writing has some advantages over speech. For example, it is more permanent, thus making possible the records that any civilization must have. Writing is also capable of easily making some distinctions that speech can make only with difficulty. We can, for example, indicate certain types of pauses more clearly by the spaces that we leave between words when we write than we ordinarily are able to do when we speak. Grade A may well be heard as gray day, but there is no mistaking the one phrase for the other in writing.(John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005) Standard Written English Standard or standardized written English (SWE). Its alive and well in our culture, but what does it mean? Many varieties of English get into print in various contexts, but standard doesnt refer to all of themnot even to everything published in mainstream books and magazines. It refers only to one slice of mainstream writingbut an incredibly important and powerful slice: the slice that people happen to call correct edited written English. When people champion Standard Written English, they sometimes call it proper or correct or literate writing. . . . [I]ts a language that is found only on paperand only in the texts of certain established writers, and its rules are in grammar books. So again: standardized written English (or prescriptive written English) is no ones mother tongue.(Peter Elbow, Vernacular Eloquence: What Speech Can Bring to Writing. Oxford Univ. Press, 2012)Unlike most other kinds of English, standard written English is strongly codified. That is, there is almost total agreement as to which forms and usages form part of it and which do not. . . .Mastery of standard written English is a requirement for many professions, and it is highly desirable in many others. But nobody comes naturally equipped with this mastery. Standard written English has to be acquired, usually by formal education. Sadly, however, in recent years schools in most English-speaking countries have pulled back from teaching this material. As a result, even university graduates with good degrees often find themselves with a command of standard English that is at best inadequate and at worst distressing. This is not a trivial problem, since a poor command of the conventions of standard English will often make a very bad impression on those who must read your writing.(Robert Lawrence Trask, Say What You Mean!: A Troubleshooters Guide to English Style and Usage. David R. Godine, 2005)

Case Analisys Report - Microsoft Antitrust Battles Essay

Case Analisys Report - Microsoft Antitrust Battles - Essay Example ses the primary stakeholders in the case, a legal analysis, as well as an ethical analysis of the different issues surrounding the antitrust case against Microsoft. It also includes a discussion of different factors that may have contributed to Microsoft’s display of unethical behavior as well as factors that need to be addressed to resolve the issues. The paper gives recommendations on what actions are needed to deal with the legal/ethical issues as well as policies that the company can adopt to prevent such incidents from recurring in the future. Although the partnership between William H. Gates (more commonly known as Bill Gates) and Paul G. Allen has been established in the year 1975, it was not until a year after that the trade name Microsoft Corporation was officially registered in New Mexico with the Office of the Secretary of the State (Microsoft, 2005). Since then, Microsoft has become renowned worldwide for their extensive range of original products and software as well as their laudable skills in marketing and advertising their products. As popular the reputation of Microsoft Corporations might be, they have been face with numerous cases regarding alleged violations of ethical and legal matters. These issues have cropped up in connection with Microsoft’s control of certain markets related to the selling of computer and software. The earliest inquiry was way back in the year 1990 regarding breach of the Clayton and Sherman antitrust laws. Since then, other complaints from several large corporations such as Apple Computer, Sun Microsystem, and Netscape Communications have been brought against Microsoft Corporation. The most recent antitrust complaint was from Opera Software ASA in the year 2007 with regard to Microsoft’s manipulation of web browser by combining the Windows operating system with Internet Explorer, thereby going against accepted web standards (Opera Software, 2007). These complaints have had an effect on Microsoft financially, when

Worldview Beliefs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Worldview Beliefs - Essay Example This essay demonstrates and shows that what a person looks like at the present does not matter because as we age, our looks also change so that although we may have once been physically beautiful, with time, this beauty is eroded by age and what is left behind is a shadow of what we once were. However, I believe that inner beauty lasts forever because our character and our actions tend not to change as fast as our physical beauty does. An example of this is the way people care for others and one of these is my best friend who has influenced my worldview on this matter. She is a kind, loving, and helpful person and she has the ability to make others feel better, which makes her a treasured friend to have. In conclusion, I believe that the world would be a better place if only all of us could treat each other with respect and tolerance. We should seek to understand and appreciate that people have diverse opinions due to their backgrounds and experiences in life before passing any judgm ent, as this would stop many of the prejudices which some of us have against others. In addition, I am of the opinion that for people to experience greater success in life they have to develop the virtue of perseverance considering that every undertaking has its challenges. In addition, inner beauty, as opposed to the physical outer beauty, is very important since it outlasts the later. Moreover, inner beauty concerns inherent good characters other than the outward impression, which is often deceiving.... Doing so has also helped me to develop very close friendships with people who I would otherwise have not have had any time for and this has ensured that I have developed friendships which have filled my life. It has enabled me to develop the necessary social skills to interact confidently with people from different backgrounds on an equal basis without any feeling of superiority on my part. Many people consider the ability not to give up or perseverance a virtue and in fact, the majority of the world religions encourage it in their followers. Perseverance, from ancient times, has been one of the keys to success and it is very difficult to achieve any level of success without it. I believe that it involves the ability to be committed to a task that one has set for him or herself, to be able to work hard towards it, and to have the patience and endurance to make sure that this task is fulfilled satisfactorily. Never giving up also involves the ability to be able to bear the difficultie s that one is facing calmly and without any complaint because these tend to explain why many fail to succeed in whatever they are doing. A good example of perseverance is the one that the Wright Brothers had when they were attempting to make a flying machine. Many people had no faith that they would be able to make it and in fact, some even tried to discourage their attempts. Despite all this, the Wright brothers became even more determined to achieve their goal, it is this ability of never giving up that made them create the first airplane, and that is why we are able to travel by air today. There are many definitions of beauty but one of the most of these definitions tends to be based on the physical

Technology and Training Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Technology and Training Systems - Essay Example A number of the participants stated that the interviewing phase acted as a means of exploring the training system, debate the findings, and change the evaluation into an academic expedition. With no proper questioning, employees who may record poor productivity in the training system may get the wrong impression about the organization or its training system. In my assessment, I also learned that subjects should draw on the entire experience of the training session and not simply the outcome. This drawing should include shifting the focus of the debate from matters employees enjoy conversing about to topics that are more important (LÃ ©ger, Feldstein, Babin, Charland, Robert, & Lyle, 2011). For instance, participants of my assessment ought to have talked about group behaviors that either aided or limited them during training. Other questions that employees in similar career development systems could ask are the significance of clarity, the full exploitation of all group members’ contribution, requirements for complete usage of the knowledge of fellow employees, and the effects of such combined effort. During the questioning in my assessment, I emphasized the fact that a group that did not produce desired results in the training system but can explain the root of this poor delivery is at an advantage compared to a group that produ ced desired results but cannot explain why they performed well. My assessment also established that a more official and ready teaching presentation can be helpful for questioning. This is a good chance for analyzing some of the key concepts behind incorporation and technology-supporting training systems and offering explanations and features of these systems. With the simulation training experience, employees can most probably relate to these accounts better because they have applied the technology in a virtual environment. A conventional strategy to questioning can aid in maturing training processes

Hotel PESTEL and SWOT Analysis

Hotel PESTEL and SWOT Analysis Hotel X operates in a fragmented industry largely controlled by the guests and their preferential needs. The strategic audit involved analyzing; the macro-environment by the PESTEL model, the competitive industry environment by the Porters Five Forces model, the key stakeholders expectations and the internal strengths and weaknesses. This SWOT analysis concludes the strengths (products, brand, people, VmV and accreditation/certification), the weaknesses (location, classic rooms, car parking, performance management and technology), the opportunities (BRIC, Rugby World Cup 2011, market demographics, corporate responsibility pressure, and the 90 day trial period law) and the threats (new National, Conference Centre, long-term contracts with buyers/suppliers, economy, and technology). Hotel X should plan its strategy around differentiation by providing the highest quality products and services unique from the rest of the industry. Improving the hotels weaknesses is a realistic way to improve the growth and profitability for the organization. Recommendations are provided for the improvement of Hotel Xs weaknesses. Contents Introduction If you dont know where your business is going, any road will get you there. (TÃÅ"VRheinland Group). Business strategy is a driving force in the success of organizations; as long as the strategy for the organization is analyzed in terms of the environments. This paper is a strategic analysis of the environments for Hotel X  [1]  . Company Background Hotel X is a leading hotel in Auckland. The services and products provided include accommodation, food and beverage, event venues, spa and health club facilities. Their aim is to grow market share and profitability by maintaining 5 star level services  [2]  . This is supported by Hotel Xs vision statement: Know Our Guests, Build Great Memories. Industry Description: Definition and Drivers Hotel X is positioned in the high-end  [3]  hotel  [4]  industry within Auckland City  [5]  . The hotel industry is a sub-section of the Travel and Tourism industryone of the most rapidly expanding fields (Go Pine, 1995, p. 26). It is a fragmented industry as hotels are driven by the services they provide and the consumers they can attract. Factors that influence this consumer selection are; the location of the hotel, the facilities available, the price per night and the size of the facility. High-end hotels in Auckland compete for independent and corporate travelers, both domestic and international. Macro-Environment Analysis The PESTEL model was used for analysing opportunities and threats to Hotel X and the summary of the major factors can be found in Appendix 2. (P)olitical Factors New Zealand general elections may bring changes to government and influencing legislation. Trade agreements have a positive correlation with tourism. Securing trade agreements with BRIC would create significant growth in business. (E)conomic Factors With overseas economies in recession, the declining New Zealand dollar  [6]  , the increase in fuel costs and the GST increase, it is more expensive for people visiting New Zealand. There is a decrease in the reliance on overseas visitors and income. There will be short-term growth with the Rugby World Cup 2011.While this would only be a small injection over the months of September/October, there is potential for resulting growth in returning guests. (S)ocial Factors Consumer opinions on products and services can quickly build or diminish a brand and company image. The increasing use of social media to gain access to this information can be dangerous to growth for companies who do not monitor and maintain brand standards. The impact of economic factors is seen in the demographics of the Auckland market. The strong short-haul markets can be a benefit as they buffer the industry during periods of significant reduction in long-haul markets (New Zealand Hotel Council). (T)echnological Factors Innovation potential is held back by having to balance the needs of the guests verses what they are prepared to pay for. Technology does not replace personal touches, but allows for storage of information on the preferences of guests. Auckland hotels need to upgrade their services when compared to international standards in order to maintain consumer expectations (Hotel Technology Resource, 2011). (E)nvironmental Factors There is increasing pressure to be environmentally responsible. The pressure has created organizations such as EarthCheck who provide certifications to organizations meeting particular requirements  [7]  and Qualmark with their Enviro Assured Grading System  [8]  . Increasingly some consumers will only engage with companies which hold particular certifications. (L)egal Factors Current union negotiations will determine the requirements of the hotels towards their employees, the impact of this will be determined after the negotiations. The 90 day trial period in employment law allows companies to employ people best suited for positions. The best employees in the best positions increases efficiency, productivity, satisfaction and general wellbeing thus reducing costs to the company. Competitive Industry Analysis The Porters model  [9]  was used for analysing the industry competition for Hotel X and the summary of the major factors can be found in Appendix 9. Threat of New Entrants Hotel X has one of the largest function rooms in Auckland with capacity of 1500. This attracts some of New Zealands significant functions such as the upcoming Rugby World Cup Prize giving. The proposed National Convention Centre will threaten Hotel Xs long-term market share of functions. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Employees provide most of the service for guests. Hotel suppliers do not hold much power, there are often a large number of suppliers available. Many high-end hotels have contracts with taxi companies. The cost of switching these contracts is high. Bargaining Power of Buyers Hotels provide the same item to the same market so need a strong brand to differentiate from competition. There are limited times that customers basic needs cannot be met  [10]  . There are large numbers of corporate travelers who stay in a hotel that they have long-term contracts with. Hotel X may struggle to renew its contract with Telecom due to Telecoms move to the lower CBD. Power of Substitutes The threat of substitutes depends on the demands of the customer. As most guests wanting to stay in high-end hotels are expecting quality over cost, it could be expected that substitutes to this industry do not pose a large threat. Intensity of Industry Rivalry The strong industry growth in the tourism sector (Go Pine, 1995) should mean that there is a low rivalry amongst hotels as there are an increasing number of guests. However, the products that hotels provide are identical on a basic level (the quality may vary) and this low differentiation and ease switching leads to a strong competition. Stakeholder Analysis The expectations of the individuals and groups that influence the business strategy for Hotel X are summarized in Appendix 11. The strategy for Hotel X was developed by the director and is entwined with his personal values; his dedication to the organization ensures he retains control over strategy and growth. The guests and clients of Hotel X may see the hotel as important to them during their short term relationship however only the business clients and guests who are engaging with the organization on a regular basis hold any importance for quality service on a long-term basis. Attitudes of the employees are orientated around providing quality service but the importance of the hotel to them is more for the opportunity of employment it provides. Hotel X understands the importance of the media in providing marketing opportunities however the media do not have the same inverse need. Hotel X is also not of large importance for the local government as, while the hotel provides local taxes and jobs, it does not have any impact on the growth of local government revenue. The attitudes of this stakeholder are consistent with the hotel on factors like environmental responsibility however not consistent with profit factors. Organizational Capabilities (S)trengths Hotel Xs products hold value between price paid and quality received. The products; 411 rooms, four food and beverage outlets, spa and facilities, twelve function venues, all set 5 star standards and are upgraded as ideas develop. There is strong marketing of the Hotel X brand in the industry as luxury and elegance. The concept is carried through media, including social media which is heavily monitored to increase positive brand awareness. The multiple ethnicities of the 400 employees mean guest communication has become less problematic. Hotel X has used the Vision, mission and Values (VmV) to create a positive employee culture. Hotel X holds multiple accreditations including; Best Hotel from New Zealand Scenic Tours, Studiosus Award, and World Travel Awards, the Innovation/Sustainability Award from NZ Hotel Conference, EarthCheck Silver Status  [11]  , and Qualmark Gold Status  [12]  . (W)eaknesses Hotel X in the upper CBD is a distance from city activities. While the hotel provides a shuttle around town, there is not the flexibility (or views) as a prime city location. The classic rooms have yet to be updated These rooms are of the same size as executive rooms but the dà ©cor is dated and not up to the same 5 star standard as the other products provided. The hotel does not provide car parks for employees or guests except for valet parking. The city location makes it is expensive to park in nearby buildings. Public transport is limited. The processes in place for performance management are limited. Short term management is strong with recognition programs but the link is missing to annual reviews/promotions, future goals are not quantified. Hotel X limits its market by not yet having wireless internet available throughout the hotel. Technology is an area that would improve guest satisfaction and productivity. Conclusion The summary of the SWOT analysis can be referred to in Appendix 12. Hotel X, seeks high levels of growth and profitability. While the product, brand and people are strengths, there is an issue keeping services consistent without good performance management. Organizations now have the advantage of a 90 day trial period to maximize the job-person fit in the organization which should correlate to lower costs and higher profitability. The location of Hotel X will place a limitation on the growth of the organization. The current products that the hotel provides are strengths. The 5 star quality of these products and services create value for guests. There are some weaknesses however with the dà ©cor of the Classic rooms, lack of car parking and limited use of technology. The hotel needs to remain on top of new innovations to ensure the products and services are continuously upgraded. Hotel X has the opportunity of the growing BRIC market and the upcoming Rugby World Cup. It plans to service these growth opportunities while still maintaining a hold in the domestic markets as a buffer to the threat of the economy restricting international tourism. The generic strategy that Hotel X should follow is differentiation. Already Hotel X has started to differentiate their product from the industry as supported by the strength of its accreditations and certifications. It is possible for Hotel X to differentiate not only through the strength of its products but also its people and the Vision, Mission and Values. The strong brand and opportunity for recognition of corporate responsibility will allow Hotel X to develop a dominant position. The threat to this is the competitiveness of the industry difficulties with long-term contracts and the threat of a National Conference Centre. Recommendations These recommendations will focus on improving the weaknesses of Hotel X, Performance management schemes for employees should be introduced to maintain 5 star standards, as services the hotel provides involve guest/employee interaction. Goals set to manage performance must be decided on jointly between organization and employee in order to empower colleagues. Special salary and wage reviews should be initiated as well as an incentive scheme based around achieving key performance indicators. The classic room product needs to be redecorated to maintain product consistency to satisfy customer requirements. Technology in particular, a hotel wide Wi-Fi system needs to be developed, to keep up with 5 star international standards. Car parking needs to be addressed by negotiating with Wilson Parking to either take back the management of the car park or rent additional car parks. The extra car parks would have to satisfy the guest needs first. Location is one weakness that cannot be changed so the best recommendation for this is to increase the areas the shuttle bus drives to and renegotiating the taxi contract so that fares are cheaper for guests going between the upper and lower CBD.

Essay --

It is difficult to know whether a negative reaction to the leader or other members in the group is because of a true feeling toward that person, or if it is because of transference of feelings for someone significant in the life of the person having the reaction. One of the most obvious signs that there is transference taking place is when a member has a really strong reaction to me, the leader, without having spent much time with each other. I think this is the most obvious because how could such strong feelings transpire in such a short period of time. Another sign is negative feelings over time. There may be a way that I behave or articulate myself that brings up feelings of someone in the member’s outside life. After all of the reading that we have done for this class though, I feel like the only way to really know if it is transference is to discuss what the individual is feeling and why they think they are having such a strong reaction. Transference between members is probably more obvious. The leader can look at the interactions between members more objectively. The signs are the same as transference toward the leader, but the members that seem to be in conflict may not understand what is potentially happening. Just like with transference toward the leader, discussion about feelings and personal reactions needs to take place. 2. There are a few steps that I can take to be more aware of if I am having some countertransference reactions to members. First, understanding my own issues with people in my life. If I am having issues with someone in my life, then a member exhibits behavior in the group that I associate with the individual in my personal life, I cannot provide the best help to them. Next, if I am having strong re... ...goals they will have for themselves when the group does end. Once they establish the goals they would like to achieve when the group ends, the leader can help guide them in ways to reach those goals. My job as a leader would be to help the members deal with their feelings about the group ending. As the reading makes clear some people may have anxiety about not having the support of the group, or maintaining the changes that they have made. I also will need to address any concerns about confidentiality once the group ends. The members need to know that the work they did is going to stay confidential, even though the group is ending. Helping members set goals and the ways they can achieve them when the group ends is also important. Giving any final feedback that can help the members after the final session will also aid in the member in reaching/setting their goals.

An Era of Smart Phones and Dumb People

An Era of Smart Phones and Dumb People You spot them immediately. They're gathered around the swing set Eke moths to an open flame; not talking, Just looking down at what's In their small hands. There's around four of them, appearing to be first graders or so, testing away twice as fast as you ever could, completely oblivious to everything around them. Pausing for a second, you stop to wonder, â€Å"Whatever happened to actually using the swing set? † Technology is like a fine wine; as it matures and ages, it becomes better and better, making it appeal to large crowds of people.Yet what happens If one has too much wine? They become drunk. Just like an alcoholic, the next generation appears as if they are addicted to this modern technology, and that is not be such a good thing as people think It Is. The kids seem to be gradually losing one of the most delicate and treasured things on this planet: human Interaction. For example, let me pose a simple question, when was the last t ime you have a game night with your family, or any other time that was solely devoted to your nearest and dearest? Some will answer years while others, mere days.Twenty-first century based females tend to go to their own sections of the house with an electronic of their choice, whether that may be a Kindle, phone, Pod, Tablet, you name it, instead of hanging out with their family. Young children observe this and brand It as the norm. Well, why shouldn't they? Aren't we the ones at blame for this? The ones they look to in order to know how to interact, to act with others? Look at the older population, the elderly, in your community; they will smile at you through car windows while parked at red lights or ask you how you're doing while o'er both standing In the grocery line at your local supermarket.Sadly, this seems to be a rare thing to stumble across these days in all of us young people. Back when I was a kid, If I wanted to play a game I would go find my brother and we would have to make one up ourselves. That's right; we had to use our imaginations, just like our dear friend Sponge taught us to. But now, with Inventions such as the Leaped and Manitoba, instead of making up their own games, children have the ability to download over three hundred and twenty-five APS with a push of a button.Along with these APS, as if they weren't already enough, the youngsters can record videos, take pictures with the two cameras available, listen to music, and access an internet made just for them. At their age, I had sidewalk chalk and a stinking Jump rope for crying out loud. Yet why would they choose such simple, ordinary things when they have hours of guaranteed entertainment right at their little fingertips, within those many APS? Snatching away. Ah yes, now I've remembered.You know all those outdoor toy commercials that make kids want to explore the great outside? Me neither. Outside: The brilliant archenemy of the indoors. It's a place to be loud, rambunctious, and l east of all quiet. In a nutshell, it's a child's heaven on Earth, or should be. But instead of actually going outdoors to play, kids tend to stay inside claiming it's too hot, too cold, too windy, too†¦ Too anything really. So instead they sit on the couch watching mindless television shows while withering away into nothing more or less than lazy, couch potatoes.If the patterns keep up we may eventually all turn into mild forms of the characters in the beloved movie Wall-E: grotesquely fat, genealogy obsessed humans, who don't know how to live without an electronic in one hand and a remote in another. This sickens and saddens me all at once. Now, am I declaring that all technology is bad and it should be banished from Earth never to be spoken of or seen again? That we should Just absentmindedly convert back to the ways our ancestors and live without modern conveniences? Of course I'm not!I'm merely asking you to take a step back and look at how much technology you use on a dail y basis, even if it's Just making a call on your cell phone r turning on the TV to unwind after a long day at work. I simply don't want a world where the next generation becomes engulfed and overwhelmed by the sheer amount of technology being shoved down their throats as soon as they are able to walk and talk. The relationships we construct with others should be cherished and preserved by interacting with each other face-to-face every rather than Just testing each other. I'm asking you to get off the couch and be social.Go to Struck with a few friends, go shopping with them, or maybe even volunteer and meet new people. Find the balance in your life; don't let technology control it. The same goes for your children, sure you can give them a Nintendo or a Tablet, but remember to shoo them outside every once in a while to play. A child's imagination or anyone's really, can't be replaced with APS and computers, it's Just impossible. They can be compressed, though, if they don't have a ch ance to grow. A close friend once told me, â€Å"We are living in the era of smart phones and dumb people,† and if you think about it enough, we are. We really, truly are.

Fraternities and Rape on Campus Essays

Fraternities and Rape on Campus Essays Fraternities and Rape on Campus Essay Fraternities and Rape on Campus Essay a fraternity’s of nity man, success in attractingwomen] is a big status symbol for fraternities. † One Martin, Hummer/ FRATERNITIES AND RAPE 467 universityofficial commented that the use of women as a recruitingtool is that so well entrenchedthat fraternities mightbe willing to forgo it say they cannot afford to unless other fraternitiesdo so as well. One fraternityman said, â€Å"Look, if we don’t have Little Sisters, the fraternitiesthat do will get all the good pledges. Another said, â€Å"We won’t have as good a rush [the period duringwhich new membersare assessed and selected] if we don’t have these women around. † In displaying good-looking, attractive,skimpily dressed, nubile women to potentialmembers,fraternities implicitly,andsometimesexplicitly,promise sexualaccess to women. One fraternity mancommentedthat†part what of being in a fraternityis all about is the sex† and explainedhow his fraternity uses Little Sisters to r ecruitnew members: We’ll tell the sweetheart termfor Little Sister],†You’re [the fraternity’s We’lltell herto fakea scamandshe’llgo hang you gorgeous; canget him. all over him duringa rushparty,kiss him, and he thinkshe’s done wonderful and wants to join. The girls thinkit’s great too. It’s flatteringfor them. Women as servers. The use of women as servers is exemplified in the LittleSisterprogram. LittleSistersareundergraduate women who arerushed and selected in a mannerparallelto the recruitment fraternitymen. They of are affiliatedwith the fraternityin a formalbut unofficialway and are able, indeed required,to wear the fraternity’s Greek letters. Little Sisters are not nationaloffices and members,however;andfraternity full-fledgedfraternity most universities do not register or regulate them. Each fraternityhas an officer called Little Sister Chairmanwho oversees their organizationand activities. The Little Sisters elect officers among themselves, pay monthly dues to the fraternity, have well-defined roles. Theirdues areused to pay and for the fraternity’s social events, andLittle Sistersareexpected to attendand hostess fraternity partiesand hang aroundthe house to make it a â€Å"nice place to be. One fraternity man, a senior, described Little Sisters this way: â€Å"They are very social girls, willing to join in, be affiliated with the group, devoted to the fraternity. † Anothermember,a sophomore,said: â€Å"Theirsole purpose is social- attendparties,attractnew members,and ‘take care’ of the guys. † Our observations and interviews suggested that women selected by fra- ternitiesas LittleSist ers are physicallyattractive,possess good social skills, and are willing to devote time and energy to the fraternity its members. nd One undergraduate woman gave the following job description for Little Sisters to a campus newspaper: It’s not just making appearancesat all the parties but entails many more responsibilities. You’regoing to be expected to go to all the intramural games 468 GENDER SOCIETY / December 1989 to cheerthe brothers supportandencouragethepledges,andjust be around on, to bringsome extra life to the house. [As a Little Sister] you have to agree to take on a new responsibilityother thanstudyingto maintainyour grades and managingto keep your checkbook frombouncing. You have to make time to be a part of the fraternityand support the brothers in all they do. (The Tomahawk, 1988) The title of Little Sister reflects women’s subordinate status; fraternity men in a parallel role are called Big Brothers. Big Brothers assist a sorority primarily with the physical work of sorority rushes, which, compared to fraternity rushes, are more formal, structured, and intensive. Sorority rushes take place in the daytime and fraternity rushes at night so fraternity men are free to help. According to one fraternity member, Little Sister status is a benefit to women because it gives them a social outlet and â€Å"the protection of the brothers. † The gender-stereotypic conceptions and obligations of these Little Sister and Big Brother statuses indicate that fraternities and sororities promote a gender hierarchy on campus that fosters subordination and dependence in women, thus encouraging sexual exploitation and the belief that it is acceptable. Women as sexual prey. Little Sisters are a sexual utility. Many Little Sisters do not belong to sororitiesand lack peer supportfor refrainingfrom unwanted sexual relations. One fraternityman (whose fraternityhas 65 â€Å"wholesale†in the membersand 85 Little Sisters) told us they hadrecruited access to women that prioryear to â€Å"get lots of new women. â€Å"The structural the Little Sisterprogramprovidesand the absenceof normativesupportsfor refusing fraternitymembers’ sexual advances may make women in this susceptible to coerced sexual encounterswith fraterprogramparticularly nity men. Access to women for sexual gratificationis a presumedbenefit of fraternity membership, promised in recruitment materials and strategies and man said: conversationswith new recruits. One fraternity throughbrothers’ â€Å"We always tell the guys that you get sex all the time, there’salways new girls†¦. AfterI became a Greek,I foundout I could be with females at will. † A universityofficial told us that, based on his observations,†no one [i. e. , Theyjust want fraternity men] on this campuswants to have ‘relationships. ‘ men plan and execute strategiesaimed at to have fun [i. e. , sex]. † Fraternity obtaining sexual gratification, and this occurs at both individual and collective levels. Individualstrategiesincludegetting a woman drunkandspendinga great deal of money on her. As for collective strategies,most of our undergraduate interviewees agreed that fraternity parties often culminatein sex and that this Martin, Hummer / FRATERNITIES AND RAPE 469 outcome is planned. One fraternity man said fraternity partiesoften involve sex andnudityandcan â€Å"turninto orgies. â€Å"Orgiesmay be plannedin advance, such as the Bowery Ball party held by one fraternity. formerfraternity A membersaid of this party: The entireideabehindthis is sex. Bothmenandwomencometo the party Thereare pornographic wearinglittleor nothing. pinupson the walls and usuallypornomovies playingon the TV. The musiccarriessexualovertones†¦. Theyjustget schnockered and, [drunk] in mostcases,theyalsoget laid. When asked about the women who come to such a party,he said: â€Å"Some Little Sistersjust won’t go†¦. The girls who do are looking for a good time, girls who don’t know what it is, things like that. † Otherrespondents deniedthatfraternity partiesareorgies butsaid thatsex is always talkedaboutamongthe brothers they all know†whoeach other and is doing it with. â€Å"One membersaid thatmost of the time, guys have sex with theirgirlfriends†butwith socials, girlfriendsaren’tallowed to come and it’s their [members’] big chance [to have sex with other women]. The use of alcohol to help them get women into bed is a routinestrategyat fraternity parties. CONCLUSIONS In general, our researchindicatedthat the organizationand membership of fraternities contributeheavily to coercive andoften violent sex. Fraternity houses are occupied by same-sex (all men) and same-age ( late teens, early twenties) peers whose maturityand judgment is often less than ideal. Yet houses areprivatedwellings thatare mostlyoff-limitsto, andaway fraternity from scrutinyof, universityand communityrepresentatives, with the result that fraternity house events seldom come to the attention of outsiders. Practices associated with the social constructionof fraternitybrotherhood emphasize a macho conception of men and masculinity,a narrow,stereoof typed conception of women and femininity,and the treatment women as commodities. Otherpractices contributingto coercive sexual relationsand the cover-upof rapesincludeexcessive alcoholuse, competitiveness, norand mative supportfor deviance and secrecy (cf. Bogal-Allbritten Allbritten and 1985; Kanin 1967). Some fraternity norms require practices exacerbateothers. Brotherhood â€Å"sticking together† regardless of right or wrong; thus rape episodes are unlikely to be stoppedor reportedto outsiders,even when witnesses disap- 470 GENDER SOCIETY / December 1989 and prove. The abilityto use alcoholwithoutscrutinyby authorities alcohol’s frequentassociationwithviolence, includingsexualcoercion,facilitatesrape in fraternityhouses. Fraternity normsthatemphasizethe value of maleness and masculinityover femaleness and femininityand that elevate the status of men and lower the statusof women in members’eyes underminepercepand tions andtreatment women as personswho deserveconsideration care of Merton1985). nd (cf. Ehrhart Sandler1985; Androgynousmen and men with a broadrangeof interestsand attributes are lost to fraternitiesthroughtheir recruitment practices. Masculinityof a createattitudes, andstereotypical narrow norms,andpracticesthat type helps men to coerce women sexually, both individuallyand predisposefraternity collectively (Allgeier 1986; Hood 1989; Sanday 1981, 1986). Male athletes on campus may be similarly disposed for the same reasons (Kirshenbaum 1989; Telanderand Sullivan 1989). Researchinto the social contextsin which rapecrimesoccurandthesocial constructions associated with these contexts illumine rape dynamics on campus. Blanchard(1959) found that group rapes almost always have a leaderwho pushesothersintothe crime. He also foundthatthe leader’slatent homosexuality,desire to show off to his peers, or fear of failing to prove himself a man are frequentlyan impetus. Fraternitynorms and practices contributeto the approvalanduse of sexual coercion as an acceptedtactic in relationswith women. Alcohol-inducedcomplianceis normative,whereas, use presumably, of a knife,gun,or threatof bodilyharmwould notbe because the woman who â€Å"drinkstoo much† is viewed as â€Å"causing her own rape† and (cf. Ehrhart Sandler1985). Our research led us to conclude that fraternitynorms and practices influence membersto view the sexual coercionof women, which is a felony crime, as sport,a contest,or a game (cf. Sato 1988). This sportis playednot between men and women but between men and men. Womenare the pawns or prey in the interfraternity rivalry game; they prove that a fraterity is successfulor prestigious. The use of women in thisway encouragesfraternity men to see women as objects and sexual coercion as sport. Today’ssocietal normssupportyoung women’s rightto engage in sex at theirdiscretion,and coercion is unnecessaryin a mutuallydesired encounter. However, nubile to young women say they preferto be â€Å"in a relationship† have sex while men say they preferto â€Å"getlaid†withouta commitment(Muehlenhard young and Linton 1987). These differencesmay reflect, in part,Americanpuritanism and men’s fears of sexual intimacyor perhapsintimacyof any kind. In a fraternitycontext, getting sex without giving emotionally demonstrates â€Å"cool† masculinity. More important,it poses no threatto the bonding and Martin, Hummer / FRATERNITIES AND RAPE 471 brotherhood Farr1988). Drinkinglargequantities loyalty of the fraternity (cf. of alcohol before having sex suggests that â€Å"scoring†ratherthan ntrinsic sexual pleasureis a primaryconcernof fraternity men. Unless fraternities’composition, goals, structures,and practiceschange in fundamental ways, women on campuswill continue to be sexual prey for fraternity men. As all-male enclaves dedicated to opposing faculty and and to cementing in-groupties, f raternitymemberseschew administration women, any hint of homosexuality. Their version of masculinitytransforms and men with womanly characteristics, the out-group. â€Å"Womanly into men† are ostracized;feminine women are used to demonstratemembers’mascurenewedemphasison theirfoundingvalues (Longinoand linity. Encouraging Kart 1973), service orientationand activities (Lemire 1979), or members’ moral development(Marlowe and Auvenshine 1982) will have little effect on fraternities’ treatment women. A case for or againstfraternities of cannot be made by studying individual members. The fraternityqua group and organization is at issue. Located on campus along with many vulnerable women, embedded in a sexist society, and caught up in masculinistgoals, practices, and values, fraternities’violation of women-including forcible rape- should come as no surprise. NOTE 1. Recent bans by some universitieson open-keg partiesat fraternity houses have resulted in heavy drinkingbefore coming to a partyand an increase in drunkennessamong those who attend. This may aggravate,ratherthan improve,the treatmentof women by fraternity men at parties. REFERENCES G. Allgeier, Elizabeth. 1986. â€Å"CoerciveVersusConsensualSexual Interactions. † Stanley Hall Lectureto AmericanPsychologicalAssociationAnnualMeeting,Washington, DC, August. Adams, Aileen and Gail Abarbanel. 1988. SexualAssault on Campus:WhatColleges Can Do. Santa Monica, CA: RapeTreatmentCenter. Blanchard,W. H. 1959. â€Å"The Group Process in Gang Rape. Journal of Social Psychology 49:259-66. Bogal-Allbritten,RosemarieB. and William L. Allbritten. 1985. â€Å"The HiddenVictims:CourtJournal of College StudentPersonnel43:201-4. ship Violence Among College Students. † and Bohrnstedt,George W. 1969. â€Å"Conservatism,Authoritarianism Religiosity of Fraternity Pledges. â€Å"Journal of Coll ege StudentPersonnel 27:36-43. BusinessInsurance Bradford,Michael. 1986. â€Å"TightMarketDries Up Nightlife at University. † (March2): 2, 6. 472 GENDER SOCIETY / December 1989 Burkhart,Barry. 1989. Comments in Seminar on Acquaintance/DateRape Prevention: A NationalVideo Teleconference,February 2. RelationBurkhart, BarryR. andAnnetteL. Stanton. 1985. â€Å"SexualAggressionin Acquaintance ships. † Pp. 43-65 in Violencein IntimateRelationships,edited by G. Russell. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Spectrum. Byington,Diane B. and KarenW. Keeter. 1988. â€Å"AssessingNeeds of SexualAssaultVictimson a UniversityCampus. † 23-31 in StudentServices:Responding Issues and Challenges. to Pp. ChapelHill: Universityof NorthCarolinaPress. Chancer,Lynn S. 1987. â€Å"New Bedford, Massachusetts,March6, 1983-March22, 1984: The ‘Before and After’ of a GroupRape. Gender Society 1:239-60. Julie K. andBerniceR. Sandler. 1985. CampusGangRape:PartyGames? Washington, Ehrhart, DC: Associationof AmericanColleges. Sex Farr,K. A. 1988. â€Å"DominanceBondingThroughthe Good Old Boys SociabilityNetwork. † Roles 18:259-77. Florida Flambeau. 1988. â€Å"Pike MembersIndictedin Rape. â€Å"(May 19):1, 5. of Fox, Elaine,CharlesHodge,andWalterWard. 1987. â€Å"A Comparison AttitudesHeld by Black and White Fraternity Members. † Journal of Negro Education56:521-34. Geis, Gilbert. 1971. â€Å"GroupSexual Assaults. â€Å"MedicalAspects of HumanSexuality5:101-13. Glaser, Barney G. 1978. TheoreticalSensitivity:Advances in the Methodologyof Grounded Theory. Mill Valley,CA: Sociology Press. New YorkTimes,May 16. Hood, Jane. 1989. â€Å"WhyOurSociety Is Rape-Prone. † Hughes, Michael J. and Roger B. Winston, Jr. 1987. â€Å"Effects of FraternityMembershipon Journal of College StudentPersonnel45:405-11. Values. † Interpersonal The Kanin,EugeneJ. 1967. â€Å"Reference GroupsandSex ConductNormViolations. † Sociological Quarterly8:495-504. Kimmel, Michael, ed. 1987. Changing Men: New Directions in Researchon Men and Masculinity. NewburyPark,CA: Sage. Kirshenbaum, Jerry. 1989. â€Å"Special Report,An AmericanDisgrace:A Violent and UnprecedentedLawlessnessHas ArisenAmong College Athletesin all Partsof the Country. Sports Illustrated(February 27): 16-19. and Lemire, David. 1979. â€Å"One Investigationof the StereotypesAssociated with Fraternities Journal of College StudentPersonnel 37:54-57. Sororities. † Now and in the Future. † Journal of College Student Letchworth,G. E. 1969. â€Å"Fraternities Personnel 10:118-22. An Longino, CharlesF. , Jr. ,and Cary S. Kart. 1973. â€Å"The College Fraternity: Assessment of Journal of College StudentPersonnel31:118-25. Theory and Research. † Its Marlowe, Anne F. and Dwight C. Auvenshine. 1982. â€Å"GreekMembership: Impacton the Journalof College StudentPersonnel40:53-57. MoralDevelopmentof College Freshmen. † Martin, PatriciaYancey and Barry A. Turner. 1986. â€Å"Grounded Theory and Organizational Research. † Journal of AppliedBehavioralScience 22:141-57. Ms. Merton,Andrew. 1985. â€Å"OnCompetitionandClass: Returnto Brotherhood. † (September): 60-65, 121-22. Gender Society 3:71-88. Messner,Michael. 1989. â€Å"Masculinitiesand Athletic Careers. † Chronicleof Higher Meyer, T. J. 1986. â€Å"Fight Against Hazing Rituals Rages on Campuses. † Education(March 12):34-36. Miller, Leonard D. 1973. â€Å"Distinctive Characteristicsof FraternityMembers. Journal of College StudentPersonnel31:126-28. Martin, Hummer / FRATERNITIES AND RAPE 473 CharleneL. and MelaneyA. Linton. 1987. â€Å"DateRapeand Sexual Aggressionin Muehlenhard, Journalof CounselingPsychology 34:186Dating Situations:Incidenceand Risk Factors. † 96. Pressley, Sue Anne. 1987. â€Å"FraternityHell Night Still Endures. â€Å"WashingtonPost (August 11): B1. of Rapaport,Karenand BarryR. Burkhart. 1984. â€Å"Personalityand AttitudinalCharacteristics Sexually Coercive College Males. â€Å"Journal of AbnormalPsychology93:216-21. Violence on College Campuses. † Journal of Counselingand Roark,MaryL. 1987. Preventing Development65:367-70. Study. † Sanday,Peggy Reeves. 1981. â€Å"The Socio-CulturalContextof Rape:A Cross-Cultural Journal of Social Issues 37:5-27. . 1986. â€Å"Rape and the Silencing of the Feminine. † Pp. 84-101 in Rape, edited by S. Tomaselliand R. Porter. Oxford:Basil Blackwell. St. PetersburgTimes. 1988. â€Å"A GreekTragedy. † (May 29): IF, 6F. Sato, Ikuya. 1988. â€Å"Play Theory of Delinquency: Toward a General Theory of ‘Action. ‘† SymbolicInteraction11:191-212. Smith, T. 1964. â€Å"Emergenceand Maintenanceof FraternalSolidarity. â€Å"Pacific Sociological Review 7:29-37. TallahasseeDemocrat. 988a. â€Å"FSU Fraternity BrothersCharged† (April 27):1A, 12A. . 1988b. â€Å"FSU InterviewingStudentsAbout Alleged Rape†(April 24):1D. . 1989. â€Å"WomanSues Stetson in Alleged Rape†(March 19):3B. BrothersChargedin Sexual Assault of FSU Coed. † (April TampaTribune. 1988. â€Å"Fraternity 27):6B. Tash, GaryB. 1988. â€Å"Date Rape. â€Å"TheEmeraldof Sigma Pi Fraternity75(4):1-2. Telander,Rick and RobertSullivan. 1989. â€Å"Special Report,You Reap WhatYou Sow. â€Å"Sports Illustrated(February 27):20-34. The Tomahawk. 1988. â€Å"A Look Back at Rush, A Mixture of Hard Work and Fun† (April/ May):3D. A Walsh,Claire. 1989. Commentsin Seminaron Acquaintance/Date Rape Prevention: National Video Teleconference,February 2. Wilder,David H. , Arlyne E. Hoyt, Dennis M. Doren, William E. Hauck,and RobertD. Zettle. 1978. â€Å"TheImpactof Fraternity SororityMembership ValuesandAttitudes. â€Å"Journal and on of College StudentPersonnel 36:445-49. Wilder, David H. , Arlyne E. Hoyt, Beth Shuster Surbeck, Janet C. Wilder, and Patricia Imperatrice Carney. 1986. â€Å"GreekAffiliation and Attitude Change in College Students. † Journal of College StudentPersonnel44:510-19. Patricia Yancey Martinis Daisy ParkerFlory AlumniProfessor,Departmentof Sociology, Florida State University. Her specialties are the sociology of organizations,work, and gender. She has publishedon theprocessingof rape victimsbyformal organizations and has forthcomingarticles on rape crisis centers,feminist organizations,womenin social welfare work,and gender relations in the South. RobertA. Hummeris a graduate student in the Sociology Departmentand Centerfor the Studyof Populationat FloridaState University. He is workingon his master’sthesis regardingthe causes of Hispanic infantmortality. His researchinterestsinclude social stratificationand infant mortalityand the study of rape by college athletes.

Weapons of World War One essays

Weapons of World War One essays Thru 1914 and 1919 World War One was the largest and most important current event happening and during the war technology increased tremendously, but most of the innovations were directed towards weapons and harmful objects of war, such as; rifles and pistols, machine gas, and grenades these three objects of war were examples of technology that changed for the time or were invented. These three things will be discussed and analyzed throughout my paper and proven to be powerful and meaningful in this war. Rifles and pistols like in every other war they were in existence were a large and significant part of this one too. They were more accurate and powerful thus allowing the men to hit a target from further away with a better chance of hitting where they aimed. Almost all infantry and officers in World War One carried a rifle, pistol or both. They were the most common weapon. Nearly all infantrymen in the First World War used bolt action rifles. This type of rifle had been invented by a Scottish immigrant to the United States, James Paris Lee. The bolt is the device that closes the breech of the barrel. The bolt-action rifle had a metal box, which cartridges were placed on top of a spring. As the bolt was opened, the spring forced the cartridges up against a stop; the bolt pushed the top cartridge into the chamber as it closed. After firing, the opening of the bolt extracted the empty cartridge case, and the return stroke loaded a fresh round. The more popular of the rifles used by each country is listed as follows. The Lee-Enfield was the main rifle used by the British Army during the war. Other popular bolt action rifles included the Mauser Gewehr (Germany), Lebel (France), Mannlicher-Carcano (Italy), Springfield (United States), Moisin-Nagant (Russia), Mannlicher M95 (Austria) and Arisaka (Japan). Although pistols were common for all infantry and officers not all men carried them they were not as accurate or ...

Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Analysis - Coursework Example It may not generally be not difficult to confirm optional information in examination, however every exertion must be made keeping in mind the end goal to demonstrate the validity of the sources being utilized as a part of any exploration. On the off chance that solid and faultless, optional information give chances to replication. The accessibility of information gathered at times empowers researchers to utilize longitudinal outlines. Optional investigation may enhance the legitimacy of estimation by stretching the extent of the autonomous variables utilized when operationalzing real ideas. By utilizing secondary information, we can build the specimen size, its representativeness, and the quantity of perceptions elements that help more incorporating generalizations. Secondary information could be utilized for triangulation, accordingly expanding the legitimacy of the discoveries acquired from essential information. The most genuine issue in utilizing secondary information is that the information regularly just deduces the sorts of information that the specialist might want to utilize for testing theories. A second issue is access. A third issue may develop if the researcher has deficient data about how the information was gathered. Slips in scope imply that an individual or a gathering is either not numbered at all or is checked twice. Copy tallies are less genuine than undercounts. Blunders in substance happen at whatever point data is erroneously reported or classified. The Internet is a "web" of machines joined together by method for phone lines. A "site" is the electronic location of one of these machines. A server is a program in your PC that directs the site electronically, empowering you to enter the framework. The Internet is an open framework and is accessible to all, free of charge. Disintegration measures are the signs left after utilization of an item; for instance, the wear on library books is a

Mate choice & plumage polymorphism in the feral pigeon (Columba livia) Essay

Mate choice & plumage polymorphism in the feral pigeon (Columba livia) - Essay Example Assortative mating is a process where two similar or dissimilar individuals mate where as Disassortative mating involves choosing of a partner for progeny benefits from the range of the parental genotypes. Aim of this paper is to evaluate the association of plumage polymorphism and mate choice in feral pigeons using Chi-square test. In particular, this paper analyzes the plumage colour preference as either dependent or independent in the mating process of the male and female feral pigeons. If the pigeons choose their partner in harmony with plumage colour then it is defined as dependent pairing and if they choose their partner without considering colour then it is independent pairing with respect to plumage colours. The purpose of the study is to understand feral pigeon’s plumage based mating increases the reproductive output and extend their lifespan which are also based on environmental conditions. The colour categories used for this study are melanic, blue-grey and other colours including pale/brown pigeons. â€Å"The other colours noted in feral pigeons are faded, pale, reduced, opal, indigo, milky, pearl eye and more.† (Miller 1997). The research on feral pigeons plumage based mating is carried as described in academic handbook using Chi-square test of independence. Chi-square test of independence tests the association between two definite variables. Colour of males’ plumage and colours of females’ plumage are the variables used in this test. The result (χ2) is then looked up on a Chi-square (χ2) table with a number of degrees of freedom (df). â€Å"We determine df for the Test of Independence by the formula df = (r-1)(c-1), where r = the number of rows and c = the number of columns.† (Yount 2006, p.6). â€Å"Chi-squared distribution table.† (The chi-squared distribution table, n.d.). ‘Expected Value’ Calculation: Using the ratios (relative frequencies) of three colour morphs in observed population, the expected values

Smart Meters Privacy Concerns & Solutions Dissertation

Smart Meters Privacy Concerns & Solutions - Dissertation Example The prime concern of â€Å"Compromise of Consumer Privacy† and â€Å"Safety Concern† due to the detailed statistical and itemised electricity usage will also be discussed in detail. Ways and means of countering this severe draw back will also be discussed and a practical solution will be proposed. A new idea on making Smart Meters more consumer friendly and robust in terms of protecting consumer privacy will be discussed as well Acknowledgements Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 3 Table of Contents 4 1. Introduction 7 2. A detailed technological assessment on the power and sophistication of the Smart Meter Device 9 3. A detailed exploration of the features, functionalities and modes of the Smart Meter 9 4. A practical point of view at the Smart Meter from the consumer’s stand point and evaluation of the benefits of such Smart Meters e.g.: reduction of hassles, detailed consumption statistics, reduction in the risk of Meter tampering, hooking, and ille gal manipulation of meters to register incorrect readings etc. 9 5. A comparison with primitive Electricity usage measuring devices like the analogue disk meters etc. 9 6. An understanding of the â€Å"Privacy† issue of consumers. Loss of confidentiality of sensitive information. Unauthorised access of consumer specific information and utilisation in mal practices 9 8. Literature Review 10 9. Research Methodology 13 10. Findings and Analysis 15 11. Discussion 20 12. Conclusions and Recommendations 23 13. Personal Reflection 28 14. Bibliography 30 15. Appendices 31 1. Introduction 1.1. Project Rationale In this project of detailed study of Smart Meters, we will be researching the Smart Meter as a consumer product, analysing its pros and cons, identifying its benefits and also the ethical dilemma surrounding the usage of Smart Meters to register Electricity Consumption in homes in cities and in different countries. We will be studying the issues surrounding the recent release a nd distribution of Smart Meters, the threats to Privacy and the exposure of Sensitive Personal Data. The Smart Meter will be placed against the back drop of two conflicting scenarios, one promoting and encouraging its usage due to increased consumer convenience and awareness on electricity usage. The other scenario being the generation of statistical data on electricity consumption that has the power and potential to personally identify individuals, intrude into their daily life patterns and over all life style. The Personal Reflection and the conclusion will talk about the Smart Meters over emphasising accuracy and threatening consumer privacy and safety by exposing detailed usage statistics to unauthorised access. We will be concluding with numerous possibilities to reduce the sensitivity of information generated by the smart meter, thereby retaining its advanced technology and caring for the consumer’s privacy by safeguarding consumer interests as well. 1.2. Project Aim an d Objectives 1.2.1. Project Aim The aim of the project is as follows is to conduct a thorough research on the features and functionalities of Smart Meters and make an informed and careful decision on dealing with this sophisticated gadget. A thorough risk assessment followed by a detailed discussion of the advantages, disadvantages, risks and threats is the aim of the project. 1.2.2. Project Objectives Objectives of the Project are: 2. A detailed technological

My School Essay Example for Free

My School Essay I,________,have been a part of the _________School District my entire life. For me school has been a mixture of emotions. Some years I loved school and learning and other years I hated school and felt as if I would never amount to anything. The movie Stand and Deliver made me wonder how much better of a student I could have been if all my teachers cared as much as Mr. Escalante. In elementary school I had mixed emotions. I loved school up until about 3rd grade but then I started to hate school. It became harder for me to get good grades and I felt dumb. Many of my teachers also had my sister, who was an A+ student so they would always make statement about how I should follow in her footsteps and such. But I was never as smart as her or good at school like she was. Once I was in the 3rd grade I began to struggle with all subjects except reading, once this struggle began I started to care less about school and grades. Middle school is where things began to turn around for me. In the 6th grade I had Mr. Pollock as one of my teachers. He was the most caring teacher I have ever had,  he showed me I could do anything I put my mind too and he pushed me to succeed the way Mr. Escalante pushed his students. In the movie Mr. Escalante says â€Å"Students will rise to the level of expectations† and this is exactly what my teacher did to me, he set the expectations high and then pushed me to exceed them. High school was another good experience. I always was a â€Å"teacher’s pet† and got good grades without really trying. I never studied while in high school and was very involved in extracurricular activities. This was good for me then but has caused me problems now. Now that I am in college and have to study and really work hard I don’t do as good as I would like. In my opinion my past schooling has set me up to fail in college. Even though I was taught the things I needed to be taught. I didn’t learn to push myself. I got by either just barely or passing with flying colors I, Thanh Nguyen, I have been grown up in Vietnam, so I went to elementary, middle, high school there. And the education is a lots harder here in States. For me school has been a mixture of emotions. Some years I loved school and learning and other years I hated school and felt as if I would never amount to anything. In elementary school I had mixed emotions. I loved school up until about 5rd grade but then I started to hate school In my opinion my past schooling has set me up to fail in college. Even though I was taught the things I needed to be taught. I didn’t learn to push myself. I got by either just barely or passing with flying colors

Criminal Technology Past To Future Criminology Essay

Criminal Technology Past To Future Criminology Essay Technology continues to change at a rapid pace after one type of technology is released another usually follows suit to compliment the first or to replace it. The same is true with policing styles as the eras changed the technology changed and shaped how officers handle situations. With so much technology out there it makes you wonder what could possibly be left. The truth is technology will never cease to change, just as policing styles will have to change to adapt. INTRODUCTION Over the years and through several eras policing has changed, along with the change of policing styles came the formation and implementation of technology that helped them along the way. From the political era to the more modern day community policing era was found recently to be lacking in products that were already being marketed. By the time we caught up we realized a little to late that these items we use now could have been in place and were available 30 to 40 years earlier. How did we first start with technology, when did we finally catch up and what are our best advances so far and what yet do we see coming ? I will explore this in the paper as we take shortcuts through past eras; their technological uses and advance through each era to post modern day technology, the benefits these contribute and what they got under wraps for our next step into technological advances in policing. Eras Policing, as we know it today has developed from various political, economic, and social forces. To better understand the role of police in society, one has to know the history of how policing became what it is today.    Policing has been categorized into three basic eras, which include the Political Era, Reform Era, and lastly the Community Problem-Solving Era that is the present form of policing. Political Era Policing style was quasi military consisting of a decentralized command structure resulting in control over precincts by ward leaders. An assigned officer was always closely tied to the neighborhood, slowness of communications and transportation limited officers contact with central command. Citizens were able to bring complaints to the officers that could be dealt with it on the spot as officers patrolled on foot. Based on their discretion these officers dealt with problem in accordance of the values and norms of the neighborhood of which they were in. During this time most officers came armed with the technology of a gun and a nightstick. Today these are still the first weapons of choice when called upon to use force. Telegraphs and telephones as well as police call boxes were the new jump in communications technology during this era. While the start of investigations with the Bertillon system for criminal Identification and fingerprinting crime scenes also became used. Reform Era The Reform Era brought about concerns of political influencing on policing. People worked to eliminate the involvement of politics to making policing more professional. With these changes more advances in technology were also implemented. Transportation and communication put police where they could receive calls from a central location and dispatch officers as well to respond more quickly over a widespread location. Police started decreasing the public aid to focus on combating crime. Police were hired based on qualifications not affiliations, the reform wanted police with detachment and a greater commitment to training. Reform policing had three key operational parts; foot patrol was replaced by cars equipped with the two-way radios as cars were being used to commit crimes. The availability of cars also meant more ground could be covered. Motorized police patrol was becoming a method of crime control. Rapid Response was important in three ways the first was you have a better chance at catching a criminal if you can reach the scene quickly, better chance of clearing the case if the criminal is caught. Most importantly the time in which it took to respond to a call was being judged because rapid response had become possible and the community not only required but also expected it. Investigations became a huge part of policing as these technologies were advancing. Policing was becoming more professional as their social services programs declined. Police started using new scientific techniques to follow up criminal investigations as they offered officers better incentives. Many technologies formed in this era were the foundation for much of what is used today. The only thing that has really changed is the way the techniques are applied. The use of directed and targeted patrol has increased; prioritizing calls in an effort to get to more important calls first and case screening to avoid wasting time on cases that were likely not going to be solved. These refinements to the techniques of this era are known as strategic policing. Community Era The Community Policing Era was brought on from The Professional Eras. There was also wide spread concern about the effectiveness and limitations of policing and their behavior due to officers frustrations with battling the same crime over and over (Uknown). In the 1960s the presidents commission on criminal justice is the main foundation in many of today changes found in law enforcement. The crime rate in the 60s had a dramatic increase, thus the government decided it was time to investigate the way the criminal justice system was run and how it could be made better. Cultural diversity and many different changes in the social structures of communities caused traditional policing to be less effective than before. System visionaries and police executives saw the failing system and started working on a plan to make it better. The 1970s new program safe and clean neighborhoods was formed it was intended to improve living conditions. Money was provided to take policemen of their cars and place them on foot patrol. This new program made calls to crimes more difficult, response slower, the work harder. Even though crime rates were not reduced it made citizens feel more at ease as it reduced their fears in these areas (H.Verschaeve, 2004). Within this era to present times new technologies came to surface due to the fact the presidents crime commission found a technology gap. Today this technology plays a huge role in how policing is mandated. Commissioners called for the introduction and establishment of a single telephone number to call the police, with this came the launch of 911 the one number for police and fire departments. Not long after came the computerization age being brought into policing these computer were used to not only for record keeping but also found useful for criminal investigations, crime analysis and budgeting. The most important computer based program after computers introduction of the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), inside the NCIC everything was stored and index from fugitives, missing persons and stolen property. This was practically the first technology used by police for computers during this time. The Automated Fingerprinting Information System (AFIS) was the next essential development in policing efforts; it had a grave disadvantage as other states did not have access to that information. Soon came patrol cars came equipped with their own computers with reporting systems and auto fingerprinting systems. As obstacles were seen during this time they worked to overcome the obstacle of incompatible technologies (Seaskate, 1998) Impact Technology had on Policing Technology has had an impact of making high quality information quickly available. With the capability of being able to collect information they are able to analyze and share data with stakeholders not only inside but also outside of government. Earliest applications included traffic accident files established in 1960s, since then programs for statistics operations and management program planning went underway. The machine that is so complex tool that it helps makes decisions for strategic planning and man to machine interactions. The success of these computers have been favorable. Users routine data processing is so highly structures it has proven to be rather effective and the implementation can be made with ease. However impact of the computer will vary from one department to the next making it difficult to generalize. It is perceivable that the impacts of a different nature are contemplated in structural changes, as direct major organizational shifts are not expected. For example it is perceived that use of computers will continue to result and has resulted in power shifts generally speaking raises in one persons decision making at the expense of another. Trends of this nature that seem to be occurring for example a shift in work activities related to routine and recording tasks, one of the biggest fears of technology is people being replaced by machines. When actually introduction of the computers increased jobs they needed people to carry out the computers data processing work (Colton, 1973). Current Advancements in Technology One of these would be the advancement of DNA evidence DNA can identify criminals with 99.9% accuracy information when biological evidence exists. There are DNA databases where samples of DNA are stored when someone has been convicted of a charge where DNA was involved. This system, called the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), maintains DNA profiles obtained under the federal, state, and local systems in a set of databases that are available to law enforcement agencies across the country for law enforcement purposes and came into existence in the late 1980s. In order to take advantage of the investigative potential of CODIS, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, states began passing laws requiring offenders convicted of certain offenses to provide DNA samples.   Currently all 50 states and the federal government have laws requiring that DNA samples be collected from some categories of offenders The benefits of this advancement is DNA Is so accurate it can ensue a fairness in the criminal justice it so accurate it can exonerate persons previously charged with a crime they did not commit due to negative matches in DNA (Using DNA to Solve Crimes, 2003). Another advancement in technology is Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) its a surveillance method used for several reasons from electronic tolls to traffic enforcement. The benefits are that it can be used through existing closed circuit television or road rule enforcement cameras and can read licenses plates on vehicles traveling up to 100 mph. The other benefits is that the pictures the camera takes is stored some are configured to even photograph the driver. It is able to take picture anytime of the day by using infrared lighting (Unknown, 2010). Future Roles of Technology Honestly the future of technology is surveillance equipment, what the military and government officials have coming out right now is absolutely astounding but the cross the border of privacy rights. The newest technology I see being implemented is TWS otherwise known as Through the Wall Surveillance, which is so advanced it can detect any slight movement such as breathing through a solid wall. As technology advances new ideas are always forming there are micro chips that can be implanted in people as well as sunglasses that have chips that will scan people as they walk by and will tell you their names and maybe a few lines about them. Other technologies already in effect but not yet widely used is facial recognition. The new biometric technology could be become a mainstream of the technological world but when does it cross the line of privacy? (Unknown, Modern Marvels: Survelliance Technology, 2004) CONCLUSION So you see as each era has gone by not only have the policing changed but also technology changed as well to suit its style. Even though some could have been implemented as early as 30 to 40 years earlier there must have been a reason it was not yet put into place. Even now there are things we can use that are not in place maybe because we are not capable of off setting the expenses, or there is concerns of availability and crossing the lines of privacy. With this new technology unfolding and just on the horizon it makes me also wonder if the policing style will change with it.